Listing description
purified
Synonym: Fir oil, Oil of turpentine, Pine oil,
Turpentine oil, Turpentine
Properties
|
vapor density
|
4.84 (−7 °C, vs air)
|
|
vapor pressure
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4 mmHg ( −6.7 °C)
|
|
optical activity
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[α]20/D −40 to +48°
|
|
quality
|
purified
|
|
impurities
|
≤0.0002% heavy metals (as Pb)
|
|
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≤1.0% non-volatile matter
|
|
refractive index
|
n20/D 1.4670-1.4780
|
|
bp
|
153-175 °C(lit.)
|
·
Turpentine is composed of terpenes, mainly the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene with lesser amounts of carene, camphene, dipentene, and terpinolene.
Detailed description
The word turpentine derives
(via French and Latin) from the Greek word τερεβινθίνη terebinthine,
the name of a species of tree, the terebinth tree.[3]
Mineral
turpentine or other petroleum distillates are
used to replace turpentine, but they are very different chemically.
Source trees
One
of the earliest sources was the terebinth or
turpentine tree (Pistacia terebinthus), a Mediterranean
tree related to the pistachio. Important
pines for turpentine production include: maritime
pine (Pinus pinaster), Aleppo
pine (Pinus halepensis), Masson's
pine (Pinus massoniana), Sumatran
pine (Pinus merkusii), longleaf
pine (Pinus palustris), loblolly
pine (Pinus taeda) and ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa).Canada balsam, also called Canada turpentine or balsam of fir, is a turpentine which is made from the oleoresin of the balsam fir. Venice turpentine is produced from the western larch Larix occidentalis.
In order to tap into the sap producing layers of the tree, turpentiners used a combination of hacks to remove the pine bark. Once debarked, pine trees secrete oleoresin onto the surface of the wound as a protective measure to seal the opening, resist exposure to micro-organisms and insects and prevent vital sap loss. Turpentiners wounded trees in V-shaped streaks down the length of the trunks so as to channel the oleoresin into containers. It was then collected and processed into spirits of turpentine. Oleoresin yield may be increased by as much as 40% by applying paraquat herbicides to the exposed wood.[5]
The V-shaped cuts are called "catfaces" for their resemblance to a cat’s whiskers. These marks on a pine tree signify it was used to collect resin for turpentine production.[6]
Converting oleoresin to turpentine
Crude
oleoresin collected from wounded trees may be evaporated by steam distillation
in a copper
still. Molten rosin
remains in the still bottoms after turpentine has been evaporated and recovered
from a condenser.[5]
Turpentine may alternatively be condensed from destructive distillation
of pine wood.[2]Oleoresin may also be extracted from shredded pine stumps, roots, and slash using the light end of the heavy naphtha fraction (boiling between 90 and 115 °C or 195 and 240 °F) from a crude oil refinery. Multi-stage counter-current extraction is commonly used so fresh naphtha first contacts wood leached in previous stages and naphtha laden with turpentine from previous stages contacts fresh wood before vacuum distillation to recover naphtha from the turpentine. Leached wood is steamed for additional naphtha recovery prior to burning for energy recovery.[7]
When producing chemical wood pulp from pines or other coniferous trees, sulfate turpentine may be condensed from the gas generated in Kraft process pulp digesters. The average yield of crude sulfate turpentine is 5–10 kg/t pulp.[8] Unless burned at the mill for energy production, sulfate turpentine may require additional treatment measures to remove traces of sulfur compounds.[9]
Industrial and other end uses
Solvent
The
two primary uses of turpentine in industry are as a solvent
and as a source of materials for organic
synthesis. As a solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-based paints,
for producing varnishes, and as a
raw material for the chemical industry. Its industrial use as a solvent in
industrialized nations has largely been replaced by the much cheaper turpentine substitutes
distilled from crude oil. Turpentine
has long been used as a solvent, mixed with beeswax
or with carnauba wax, to make
fine furniture wax for use as a protective coating over oiled wood finishes
(e.g., tung
oil).
Source of organic compounds
Turpentine
is also used as a source of raw materials in the synthesis of fragrant chemical
compounds. Commercially used camphor,
linalool,
alpha-terpineol,
and geraniol
are all usually produced from alpha-pinene
and beta-pinene, which are
two of the chief chemical components of turpentine. These pinenes are separated
and purified by distillation. The mixture of diterpenes
and triterpenes
that is left as residue after turpentine distillation is sold as rosin.
Medicinal elixir
Turpentine
and petroleum distillates such as coal
oil and kerosene have been used medicinally since ancient times, as
topical and sometimes internal home remedies. Topically it has been used for
abrasions and wounds, as a treatment for lice,
and when mixed with animal fat it has been
used as a chest rub, or inhaler for nasal and throat ailments. Many modern chest
rubs, such as the Vicks
variety, still contain turpentine in their formulations.Taken internally it was used as treatment for intestinal parasites, and candida because of its antiseptic and diuretic properties. A general cure-all.[10][11] Sugar, molasses or honey were sometimes used to mask the taste, and bait parasites.
Turpentine was a common medicine among seamen during the Age of Discovery. It is one of several products carried aboard Ferdinand Magellan's fleet in his first circumnavigation of the globe,[12] and is still used today as an alternative medicine.
Niche uses
Turpentine
is also added to many cleaning and sanitary products due to its antiseptic
properties and its "clean scent." In early 19th-century America,
turpentine was sometimes burned in lamps as a cheap alternative to whale
oil. It was most commonly used for outdoor lighting, due to its
strong odour.[13]
A blend of ethanol and turpentine added as an illuminant called burning fluid
was also important for several decades. In 1946, Soichiro
Honda used turpentine as a fuel for the first Honda motorcycles
as gasoline was almost totally unavailable in Japan following World
War II.As an organic solvent, its vapour can irritate the skin and eyes, damage the lungs and respiratory system, as well as the central nervous system when inhaled, and cause renal failure when ingested, among other things.[citation needed] Being combustible, it also poses a fire hazard. Because turpentine can cause spasms of the airways particularly in people with asthma and whooping cough, it can contribute to a worsening of breathing issues in persons with these diseases if inhaled.
PRICE
$106.52/KG OR $48.41/IB
For more information:
mobile: +2348039721941
contact person: emeaba uche
e-mail: emeabau@yahoo.com
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