Listing description
Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid
petroleum gas (LPG or LP
gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating
appliances,
cooking equipment, and vehicles.
Detailed description
It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant[1] and a refrigerant,[2] replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to
reduce damage to the ozone
layer. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel it is
often referred to as autogas.
Varieties of LPG
bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane (C3H8),
mostly butane (C4H10)
and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more
propane, while in summer, they contain more butane.[3][4] In the United
States, mainly two grades of LPG are sold: commercial
propane and HD-5. These specifications are published by the Gas Processors
Association (GPA)[5] and the American Society of Testing
and Materials (ASTM).[6] Propane/butane
blends are also listed in these specifications.
Uses
LPG has a very wide variety of uses, mainly used for
cylinders across many different markets as an efficient fuel container in the
agricultural, recreation, hospitality, calefaction, construction, sailing and fishing
sectors. It can serve as fuel for cooking, central heating and to water heating
and is a particularly cost-effective and efficient way to heat off-grid homes.
In the safety font LPG cylinders must be updated to new standards in safety and
user experience, giving a huge contribution for domestic usage.
Cooking
LPG is used for cooking in many countries for
economic reasons, for convenience or because it is the preferred fuel source.
According to the 2011 census of India, 33.6 million (28.5%) Indian households used LPG as cooking
fuel in 2011, which is supplied to their homes in pressurised cylinders.[9] LPG is subsidised by
the government in India. Increase in LPG prices has been a politically
sensitive matter in India as it potentially affects the urban middle
class voting pattern.
LPG was once a popular cooking fuel in Hong
Kong; however, the continued expansion of town gas to buildings has
reduced LPG usage to less than 24% of residential units.
LPG is the most common cooking fuel in Brazilian urban areas, being
used in virtually all households, with the exception of the cities of Rio de
Janeiro and São Paulo, which have a natural gas pipeline infrastructure. Poor
families receive a government grant ("Vale Gás") used exclusively for
the acquisition of LPG.
LPG is commonly used in North
America for domestic cooking and outdoor grilling.
Rural heating
Predominantly in Europe and rural parts of many
countries, LPG can provide an alternative to electric
heating, heating
oil, or kerosene. LPG is most often used in areas that do not have direct access
to piped natural gas.
LPG can be used as a power source for combined heat and power technologies (CHP).
CHP is the process of generating both electrical power and useful heat from a
single fuel source. This technology has allowed LPG to be used not just as fuel
for heating and cooking, but also for decentralized generation of electricity.
LPG can be stored in a variety of manners. LPG, as
with other fossil fuels, can be combined with renewable power sources to
provide greater reliability while still achieving some reduction in CO2 emissions.
Motor fuel
When LPG is used to fuel internal combustion engines, it is often referred to as autogas or auto propane. In some countries, it
has been used since the 1940s as a petrol alternative for spark ignition
engines. In some countries, there are additives in the liquid that extend
engine life and the ratio of butane to propane is kept quite precise in fuel
LPG. Two recent studies have examined LPG-fuel-oil fuel mixes and found that
smoke emissions and fuel consumption are reduced but hydrocarbon emissions are
increased.[10][11] The studies were
split on CO emissions, with one finding significant increases,[10] and the other
finding slight increases at low engine load but a considerable decrease at high
engine load.[11] Its advantage is
that it is non-toxic, non-corrosive and free of tetraethyllead or any additives, and has a high octane
rating (102–108 RON depending on local specifications). It burns more
cleanly than petrol or fuel-oil and is especially free of the particulates present in the
latter.
LPG has a lower energy density than either petrol or
fuel-oil, so the equivalent fuel
consumption is higher. Many governments impose less tax on LPG than on
petrol or fuel-oil, which helps offset the greater consumption of LPG than of
petrol or fuel-oil. However, in many European countries this tax break is often
compensated by a much higher annual road tax on cars using LPG than on cars
using petrol or fuel-oil. Propane is the third most widely used motor fuel in
the world. 2013 estimates are that over 24.9 million vehicles are fueled by
propane gas worldwide. Over 25 million tonnes (over 9 billion US gallons) are
used annually as a vehicle fuel.
Not all automobile engines are suitable for use with
LPG as a fuel. LPG provides less upper cylinder lubrication than petrol or
diesel, so LPG-fueled engines are more prone to valve wear if they are not
suitably modified. Many modern common rail diesel engines respond well to LPG
use as a supplementary fuel. This is where LPG is used as fuel as well as
diesel. Systems are now available that integrate with OEM engine management
systems.
Refrigeration
LPG is instrumental in providing off-the-grid refrigeration,
usually by means of a gas absorption refrigerator.
Blended of pure, dry propane (refrigerant designator R-290) and isobutane (R-600a) the blend "R-290a"
has negligible ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential and can serve as a
functional replacement for R-12, R-22, R-134a and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional
stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
Such substitution is widely prohibited or
discouraged in motor vehicle air conditioning systems, on the grounds that
using flammable hydrocarbons in
systems originally designed to carry non-flammable refrigerant presents a
significant risk of fire or explosion.
Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants
argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such
incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled
with hydrocarbons.[15][16] One particular test,
conducted by a professor at the University of New South Wales, unintentionally tested the worst-case scenario of a sudden and
complete refrigerant expulsion into the passenger compartment followed by
subsequent ignition. He and several others in the car sustained minor burns to
their face, ears, and hands, and several observers received lacerations from
the burst glass of the front passenger window. No one was seriously injured.
PRICE
$0.95/LITRE/KG OR $0.43/IB
For more information:
mobile: +2348039721941
contact person: emeaba uche
e-mail: emeabau@yahoo.com
website: www.franchiseminerals.com
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